### Corporate Bonds Traded on Wednesday at Moscow Exchange
- **Polyus (PBO-04)** (ISIN code: RU000A108L81) -0.6%
- **Borets Capital Bond 001P-05** (ISIN code: RU000A10EK71) +0.1%
- **AFK Sistema (Issue 14)** (ISIN code: RU000A101XN7) -0.2%
All corporate bonds have a credit rating, which helps investors quickly assess the creditworthiness of the issuer. In Russia, a national rating scale is used, with the highest rating being "AAA" and the lowest being "C", and the "D" rating indicating an actual default. Generally, the higher the rating, the more reliable the issuer and, typically, the lower the bond yield.
- **AAA bonds** are the most reliable, usually issued by large systemically important companies, often with state participation.
- **A- to AA+ bonds** are reliable securities, commonly invested in by pension funds and other institutional investors.
- **BBB- to BBB+ bonds** are transitional category bonds, representing companies that may be sensitive to adverse market and economic events (e.g., interest rate hikes).
- **B+ to BB+ bonds** are high-yielding issuers (HYE), with high risks and correspondingly high yields. These are typically small and medium-sized businesses operating in risky sectors.
- **CCC and D bonds** are on the brink of default, carrying the highest risks.
This overview was presented by Alexey Grishchenko, Ph.D., Professor at the Department of Operational and Sectoral Management of the Faculty of "Higher School of Management" at the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation.