### Corporate Bond Trading Dynamics
The most liquid corporate bonds traded on the Moscow Exchange are listed below:
- Polyus PBO-04 bond (ISIN code: RU000A108L81) +0.2%;
- Borets Capital 001P-05 bond (ISIN code: RU000A10EK71) +0.1%;
- AFK Sistema Series 14 bond (ISIN code: RU000A101XN7) -0.2%.
In Russia, a rating scale is used to classify bonds:
- **AAA**: The most reliable bonds issued by large systemically important companies, often with state participation.
- **A- to AA+**: Reliable bonds that attract investments from pension funds and other institutional investors.
- **BBB+ to BBB+**: Transitional category, representing companies that may be sensitive to adverse market or economic events (e.g., interest rate hikes).
- **B+ to BB+**: High-yield bonds (HY bonds), offering high returns but also higher risks. These are typically small or medium-sized businesses operating in risky sectors.
- **CCC, D**: Bonds at the brink of default, carrying maximum risks.
This overview was presented by Alexey Grishchenko, Ph.D., Professor at the Department of Operational and Sectoral Management of the Faculty of "Higher School of Management" at the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation.