### Liquid Corporate Bonds Traded on Moscow Exchange on Thursday
- **Polus PBO-04 bond (ISIN: RU000A108L81)**: -0.4%
- **Borets Capital 001P-05 bond (ISIN: RU000A10EK71)**: -0.2%
- **AFK Sistema Issue 14 bond (ISIN: RU000A101XN7)**: -0.3%
All corporate bonds in Russia have a credit rating, which is assessed on a national scale. The highest rating is **"AAA"**, and the lowest is **"C"**, with the **"D"** rating indicating an actual default. Generally, the higher the rating, the more reliable the issuer and the lower the yield on its bonds.
- **"AAA"**: The most reliable bonds issued by large systemically important companies, often with state participation.
- **"A-" to "AA+"**: Reliable bonds typically invested in by pension funds and other institutional investors.
- **"BBB-" to "BBB+"**: Transitional category, issued by companies that may be sensitive to adverse market or economic events (e.g., an increase in the key interest rate).
- **"B-" to "BB+"**: High-yield bonds (HYBs) with high risks and high returns, often issued by small and medium-sized businesses operating in risky sectors.
- **"CCC" and "D"**: Bonds on the brink of default, carrying maximum risks.
This overview was presented by Alexey Grishchenko, Ph.D., Professor at the Department of Operational and Sectoral Management at the **Higher School of Management** of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation.