### Corporate Bonds Traded on Moscow Exchange on Wednesday
- **RSKH Bonds Series BO-02-002R (ISIN: RU000A1068R1)**: +0.1%
- **Polyus Bonds Series PBO-04 (ISIN: RU000A108L81)**: -0.2%
- **Borets Capital Bond Series 001P-05 (ISIN: RU000A10EK71)**: -0.1%
- **AFK Sistema Bond Series 14 (ISIN: RU000A101XN7)**: +0.1%
All corporate bonds have a credit rating, which helps investors quickly assess the creditworthiness of the issuer. In Russia, a national rating scale is used, where the highest rating is "AAA" and the lowest is "C", with "D" indicating an actual default. Higher ratings typically mean a more reliable issuer and lower bond yields.
- **AAA Bonds**: These are the most reliable bonds, issued by large systemically important companies, often with state participation.
- **A- to AA+ Bonds**: These are reliable bonds, commonly invested in by pension funds and other institutional investors.
- **BBB- to BBB+ Bonds**: This is a transitional category, representing companies that are sensitive to adverse market and economic events, such as interest rate hikes.
- **B- to BB+ Bonds**: These are high-yield bonds (HYB), with higher risks and higher yields, often issued by small and medium-sized businesses operating in risky sectors.
- **CCC and D Bonds**: These bonds are on the brink of default, carrying the highest risks.
This overview was presented by Alexey Grishchenko, Ph.D., Professor at the Department of Operational and Sectoral Management at the Higher School of Management of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation.