### Most Liquid Corporate Bonds Traded on Moscow Exchange
Below is a list of the most liquid corporate bonds currently traded on the Moscow Exchange:
- **Russian Agricultural Bank (RSKH)** Bond Issue BO-02-002R (ISIN: RU000A1068R1) +0.2%
- **Polyus** Bond Issue PBO-04 (ISIN: RU000A108L81) +0.1%
- **Borets Capital** Bond Issue 1R-01 (ISIN: RU000A105ZX2) -0.1%
- **AFK Sistema** Bond Issue 14 (ISIN: RU000A101XN7) -0.2%
In Russia, a national rating scale is used. Here’s a breakdown of the ratings:
- **AAA**: The most reliable bonds issued by large, systemically important companies, often with state participation.
- **A- to AA+**: Reliable bonds typically invested in by pension funds and other institutional investors.
- **BBB+ to BBB+**: Transitional category for companies that may be sensitive to adverse market or economic events (e.g., interest rate hikes).
- **B+ to BB+**: High-yield bonds (HY) with higher risks and higher returns, often issued by small or medium-sized businesses in riskier sectors.
- **CCC, D**: Bonds at the brink of default, carrying maximum risk.
This overview was presented by Alexey Grishchenko, Doctor of Economics, Professor at the Department of Operational and Sectoral Management at the Higher School of Management, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation.