### Corporate Bonds Traded on Wednesday at Moscow Exchange
Below is a list of corporate bonds traded on Wednesday at the Moscow Exchange:
- **Polus (PBO-04)** (ISIN code: RU000A108L81) -0.1%
- **Borets Capital Bond 001P-05** (ISIN code: RU000A10EK71) -0.2%
- **AFK Sistema (Issue 14)** (ISIN code: RU000A101XN7) -0.2%
All corporate bonds carry a credit rating, which helps investors quickly assess the creditworthiness of the issuer. In Russia, a national rating scale is used, with the highest rating being "AAA" and the lowest being "C", and a "D" rating indicating actual default. The higher the rating, the more reliable the issuer and typically the lower the yield on its bonds.
- **AAA-rated bonds** are the most reliable, usually issued by large systemically important companies, often with state participation.
- **A- to AA+ rated bonds** are reliable securities, favored by pension funds and other institutional investors.
- **BBB- to BBB+ rated bonds** are transitional category bonds, representing companies that may be sensitive to adverse market and economic events (e.g., interest rate hikes).
- **B- to BB+ rated bonds** are high-yielding issuers (HY bonds), with higher risks and higher yields, often issued by small and medium-sized businesses operating in risky sectors.
- **CCC and D rated bonds** are near-default securities, carrying the highest risks.
This overview was presented by Alexey Grishchenko, Ph.D., Professor at the Department of Operational and Sectoral Management at the Faculty of "Higher School of Management" of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation.