### Corporate Bonds Traded on Moscow Exchange on Wednesday
Below is a list of corporate bonds traded on the Moscow Exchange on Wednesday:
- **RSKH Bank Issue (BO-02-002R)** (ISIN code: RU000A1068R1) +0.2%
- **Polyus Issue (PBO-04)** (ISIN code: RU000A108L81) +0.5%
- **Borets Capital Issue (1P-01)** (ISIN code: RU000A105ZX2) +0.5%
- **AFK Sistema Issue (Issue 14)** (ISIN code: RU000A101XN7) -0.1%
All corporate bonds have a credit rating, which allows investors to quickly assess the creditworthiness of the issuer. In Russia, a national credit rating scale is used, with the highest rating being "AAA" and the lowest being "C". There is also a "D" rating, which indicates an actual default. The higher the rating, the more reliable the issuer and, generally, the lower the yield on its bonds.
- **AAA bonds** are the most reliable, typically issued by large, systemically important companies, often with state participation.
- **A- to AA+ bonds** are reliable securities, favored by pension funds and other institutional investors.
- **BBB- to BBB+ bonds** are transitional category bonds, issued by companies that may be sensitive to adverse market or economic events, such as a hike in the key interest rate.
- **B- to BB+ bonds** are high-yield bonds (HYBs), characterized by high risk and high yield. These are typically issued by small and medium-sized businesses operating in risky sectors.
- **CCC and D bonds** are on the brink of default, with maximum risk.
This overview was presented by Alexey Grishchenko, Doctor of Economics, Professor at the Department of Operational and Sectoral Management at the Higher School of Management, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation.